Can Tho University of Technology Entrance Exam Set

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a key area of focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges of soil degradation and water scarcity, common issues in the region. The core concept being tested is the application of integrated pest management (IPM) and organic farming principles to create a resilient and environmentally sound agricultural system. The farmer’s current practice of relying heavily on synthetic pesticides and monoculture is unsustainable. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) emphasizes a holistic approach, combining biological controls, cultural practices, and judicious use of chemical interventions only when necessary. Organic farming further restricts synthetic inputs, promoting soil health through compost, crop rotation, and cover cropping. Considering the specific context of the Mekong Delta, which is highly vulnerable to climate change and environmental pressures, a solution that enhances biodiversity, conserves water, and improves soil fertility is paramount. Crop rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes, intercropping with diverse species, and the use of bio-pesticides derived from natural sources are all integral components of sustainable agriculture that directly address the farmer’s problems. These practices not only mitigate pest resistance and reduce reliance on harmful chemicals but also improve soil structure and nutrient cycling, leading to long-term productivity and ecological balance. The question requires evaluating which combination of practices best aligns with these principles and the university’s commitment to sustainable development in the region.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices relevant to the Mekong Delta region, a key focus for Can Tho University of Technology. The scenario involves a farmer in the Mekong Delta seeking to improve soil health and water management in rice cultivation. The core concept here is the integration of ecological principles into agricultural systems to achieve long-term productivity and environmental sustainability. This aligns with Can Tho University of Technology’s emphasis on applied research and sustainable development, particularly in areas critical to Vietnam’s economy and environment. Option A, “Implementing integrated pest management (IPM) alongside crop rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes and the use of organic fertilizers derived from agricultural waste,” represents a holistic approach. IPM reduces reliance on synthetic pesticides, crop rotation enhances soil fertility and structure, and organic fertilizers improve soil organic matter and nutrient cycling. These practices are well-documented to improve soil health, reduce environmental pollution, and increase resilience to climate change, all crucial for the Mekong Delta. Option B, focusing solely on increased synthetic fertilizer application, would likely lead to soil degradation, water pollution (eutrophication), and increased greenhouse gas emissions, contradicting sustainable goals. Option C, which suggests monoculture rice farming with minimal water management adjustments, ignores the need for diversification and proactive water conservation, especially in a region facing salinity intrusion and altered rainfall patterns. Option D, emphasizing the exclusive use of genetically modified drought-resistant rice varieties without addressing soil health or water management, offers a partial solution but overlooks the broader ecological and systemic improvements needed for true sustainability. Therefore, the integrated approach described in Option A is the most comprehensive and effective strategy for achieving the farmer’s goals within the context of Can Tho University of Technology’s commitment to sustainable agriculture and regional development.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices in the Mekong Delta, a core area of focus for Can Tho University of Technology. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges with traditional rice cultivation, including soil degradation and fluctuating market prices. The farmer is considering adopting a new farming method. The core concept being tested is the application of integrated farming systems that promote ecological balance and economic resilience, aligning with Can Tho University of Technology’s emphasis on sustainable development and agricultural innovation. The calculation, while not numerical, is conceptual: 1. **Identify the problem:** Soil degradation and market volatility in traditional rice farming. 2. **Identify the goal:** Sustainable and profitable agriculture. 3. **Evaluate potential solutions:** * **Monoculture intensification:** Likely exacerbates soil issues and market dependence. * **Shift to a different monoculture:** May not address underlying soil health or diversification benefits. * **Integrated rice-shrimp farming:** This system diversifies income, improves soil fertility (shrimp waste as fertilizer), reduces reliance on chemical inputs, and utilizes water resources more efficiently. It directly addresses the identified problems and aligns with ecological principles. * **Organic rice farming without diversification:** While beneficial for soil, it might not fully mitigate market price risks as effectively as a diversified system. Therefore, the integrated rice-shrimp farming system represents the most comprehensive and sustainable solution for the described scenario, reflecting Can Tho University of Technology’s commitment to innovative and environmentally conscious agricultural research and education. This approach fosters biodiversity, enhances resource efficiency, and builds economic resilience for farmers in the region.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a key focus area for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural and environmental science programs. The scenario involves a farmer in the Mekong Delta, a region heavily influenced by Can Tho University of Technology’s research and outreach. The farmer is seeking to improve soil health and water management in a rice paddy system prone to salinity intrusion, a critical environmental challenge for the region. The core concept being tested is the integration of ecological principles into agricultural production. Option A, “Implementing integrated pest management (IPM) alongside crop rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes and the use of organic mulches,” directly addresses multiple facets of sustainable agriculture relevant to the Mekong Delta. IPM reduces reliance on synthetic pesticides, which can harm beneficial organisms and soil microbes. Crop rotation with legumes enhances soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. Organic mulches conserve soil moisture, suppress weeds, and improve soil structure, all crucial for mitigating the effects of salinity and improving water retention. This holistic approach aligns with the university’s emphasis on environmentally sound and economically viable solutions. Option B, “Increasing the application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to boost rice yields and installing advanced drainage systems,” is counterproductive. Excessive synthetic fertilizers can lead to soil degradation and water pollution, exacerbating environmental issues. While drainage is important, it doesn’t inherently address soil health or salinity in a sustainable manner without complementary practices. Option C, “Focusing solely on genetically modified (GM) drought-resistant rice varieties and intensive tillage,” offers a partial solution but neglects crucial soil health and water management aspects. Intensive tillage can degrade soil structure and increase erosion, and while GM varieties can be beneficial, they are not a complete answer to the complex challenges of salinity and soil fertility. Option D, “Expanding monoculture rice cultivation with minimal soil disturbance and relying on groundwater for irrigation,” is unsustainable. Monoculture depletes soil nutrients and increases pest susceptibility. Relying solely on groundwater can lead to aquifer depletion and, in coastal areas, can worsen salinity problems due to saltwater intrusion. Therefore, the most comprehensive and sustainable approach, reflecting the principles taught and researched at Can Tho University of Technology, is the integrated strategy described in Option A.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a key focus area for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges related to soil degradation and water salinity, common issues in the region. The farmer is seeking to implement a new cultivation method that aligns with the university’s emphasis on eco-friendly and resource-efficient solutions. The core concept being tested is the principle of crop rotation, specifically its application in improving soil health and managing salinity. Crop rotation involves planting different crops in the same area in a sequential manner, which helps to break pest and disease cycles, improve soil structure, and enhance nutrient cycling. For instance, planting legumes (like soybeans or peanuts) can fix atmospheric nitrogen, enriching the soil for subsequent crops. Alternating deep-rooted crops with shallow-rooted ones can improve soil aeration and water infiltration. In saline-prone areas, selecting salt-tolerant crops or those that can help leach salts from the soil is crucial. Considering the Mekong Delta’s specific challenges, a strategy that incorporates a diverse range of crops, including those known for their resilience to salinity and their soil-enriching properties, would be most effective. This aligns with the university’s commitment to developing innovative and sustainable solutions for regional agricultural development. The other options represent less comprehensive or less directly applicable strategies for the described situation. Monoculture, for example, exacerbates soil depletion and pest resistance. Relying solely on synthetic fertilizers, while potentially boosting yield in the short term, does not address the underlying soil degradation or salinity issues and can have negative environmental impacts, contrary to the university’s sustainability ethos. Introducing a single, highly salt-tolerant crop might offer some relief but lacks the multifaceted benefits of a well-designed rotation system for long-term soil health and biodiversity. Therefore, a diversified crop rotation system, integrating legumes and salt-tolerant varieties, represents the most scientifically sound and sustainable approach for the farmer in Can Tho.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a key area of focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges of soil salinization and reduced crop yields, common issues in the region due to climate change and upstream dam construction impacting water flow. The farmer is seeking to implement practices that enhance soil health, conserve water, and improve biodiversity, aligning with the university’s commitment to sustainable development and resilient agricultural systems. The core of the problem lies in identifying the most holistic approach that addresses these interconnected issues. Let’s analyze the options: * **Option a) Integrated pest management (IPM) coupled with crop rotation and organic fertilization:** IPM focuses on minimizing pesticide use by employing biological controls, cultural practices, and targeted chemical applications only when necessary. Crop rotation breaks pest and disease cycles, improves soil structure, and nutrient cycling. Organic fertilization, such as using compost or manure, enhances soil organic matter, improves water retention, and provides slow-release nutrients, directly combating salinization and improving soil health. This combination directly addresses soil degradation, water conservation (through improved soil structure), and biodiversity (by reducing chemical inputs and promoting beneficial organisms). This aligns perfectly with the principles of sustainable agriculture that Can Tho University of Technology champions. * **Option b) Increased reliance on synthetic fertilizers and high-yield hybrid seeds:** While synthetic fertilizers can boost immediate yields, they often lead to soil degradation, nutrient imbalances, and can exacerbate salinization by increasing salt concentration in the soil solution. High-yield seeds may require more intensive management and can be less resilient to environmental stresses like salinity. This approach is not sustainable and contradicts the university’s focus on eco-friendly solutions. * **Option c) Monoculture farming with extensive irrigation and chemical weed control:** Monoculture depletes specific soil nutrients and increases susceptibility to pests and diseases, requiring more chemical interventions. Extensive irrigation, especially with saline water, can worsen soil salinization. Chemical weed control further contributes to environmental pollution and can harm beneficial soil organisms. This is the antithesis of sustainable practice. * **Option d) Introduction of genetically modified crops resistant to salinity and drought:** While GM technology can offer solutions, it is often a single-factor approach and may not address the broader ecological issues of soil health, water management, and biodiversity. Furthermore, the university’s emphasis is on a more integrated and ecological approach rather than solely relying on technological fixes that may have unforeseen long-term consequences. Therefore, the most comprehensive and sustainable solution, aligning with the educational and research ethos of Can Tho University of Technology, is the integrated approach described in option a.

The question assesses understanding of the fundamental principles of sustainable agricultural practices, particularly relevant to the Mekong Delta region, a key focus for Can Tho University of Technology. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges with soil salinization and reduced crop yields, a common issue exacerbated by climate change and upstream water management. The farmer is considering adopting new techniques. The core concept being tested is the selection of an agricultural strategy that balances productivity with environmental stewardship and long-term ecological health. This aligns with Can Tho University of Technology’s emphasis on applied research and sustainable development, especially in areas critical to Vietnam’s economy and environment. Option a) represents an integrated approach that combines traditional knowledge with modern, eco-friendly technologies. Crop rotation diversifies nutrient use and pest management, while agroforestry introduces trees that can improve soil structure, water retention, and biodiversity, potentially mitigating salinization effects. The use of organic fertilizers enhances soil health and reduces reliance on chemical inputs, promoting a circular economy within the farm. This holistic strategy addresses multiple facets of the problem and is most aligned with the principles of sustainable agriculture that Can Tho University of Technology champions in its research and education. Option b) focuses solely on chemical inputs, which can exacerbate soil degradation and salinization in the long run, contradicting sustainable principles. Option c) suggests a monoculture approach, which is generally less resilient to pests and diseases and can deplete soil nutrients over time. Option d) proposes a complete shift to aquaculture without considering the potential for integrated systems that leverage existing agricultural land and knowledge, and might not be the most immediate or holistic solution for a farmer primarily engaged in crop production. Therefore, the integrated approach in option a) is the most appropriate and sustainable solution for the farmer’s situation, reflecting the values and research priorities of Can Tho University of Technology.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a key focus area for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges of soil degradation and fluctuating water levels, common issues in the region. The core of the problem lies in identifying the most appropriate intervention that aligns with ecological principles and long-term productivity. The farmer’s goal is to improve soil health and water management. Let’s analyze the options: * **Option a) Implementing integrated pest management (IPM) alongside crop rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes:** IPM focuses on minimizing chemical pesticide use by employing biological controls, cultural practices, and resistant varieties. Crop rotation with legumes enhances soil fertility by naturally replenishing nitrogen, a crucial nutrient depleted by continuous monoculture. Legumes also improve soil structure. This approach directly addresses soil degradation by enriching it and promotes biodiversity, a hallmark of sustainable agriculture. It also indirectly aids water management by improving soil’s water-holding capacity. This aligns perfectly with the principles of ecological farming and is highly relevant to the Mekong Delta’s agricultural context. * **Option b) Increasing the application of synthetic fertilizers and expanding irrigation systems:** While this might offer short-term yield increases, it exacerbates soil degradation through chemical buildup and salinization, and increases reliance on external inputs, which is antithetical to sustainability. Over-reliance on synthetic fertilizers can harm soil microbial communities essential for nutrient cycling. Expanded irrigation, without proper drainage, can lead to waterlogging and increased salinity, especially in coastal delta regions. * **Option c) Converting land to aquaculture without considering downstream ecological impacts:** While aquaculture is prevalent in the Mekong Delta, a complete conversion without careful planning can lead to significant environmental issues, such as habitat destruction, pollution from waste, and the introduction of invasive species. This option doesn’t directly address the soil degradation issue and might create new environmental challenges. * **Option d) Relying solely on chemical weedicides and herbicides to control invasive species:** This approach is detrimental to soil health, as it can kill beneficial soil organisms, reduce biodiversity, and lead to the development of resistant weed populations. It also poses risks to water quality through runoff. This is a short-term, unsustainable solution that worsens the long-term problem. Therefore, the most effective and sustainable strategy for the farmer, aligning with the principles of ecological resilience and long-term agricultural productivity emphasized at Can Tho University of Technology, is the integration of IPM and legume-based crop rotation. This multifaceted approach tackles soil health, nutrient management, and biodiversity simultaneously, fostering a more robust and environmentally sound farming system.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a core focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario involves a farmer in the Mekong Delta, a region heavily influenced by Can Tho University of Technology’s research and outreach. The farmer is facing challenges related to soil degradation and water salinity, common issues in this area. The goal is to identify the most appropriate integrated approach that aligns with the university’s emphasis on ecological balance and resource efficiency. The core concept here is integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated nutrient management (INM) within a broader sustainable agriculture framework. Option A, focusing on crop rotation, intercropping, and biological pest control, directly addresses both soil health (through crop rotation and diverse root systems) and pest management without relying heavily on synthetic inputs. Crop rotation breaks pest cycles and improves soil structure. Intercropping introduces biodiversity, which can deter pests and improve nutrient cycling. Biological pest control utilizes natural predators or parasites, minimizing the need for chemical pesticides. These practices are synergistic and promote long-term soil fertility and ecosystem resilience, key tenets of sustainable agriculture championed by Can Tho University of Technology. Option B, while involving some sustainable elements like organic fertilizers, is less comprehensive as it doesn’t explicitly mention pest management strategies or crop diversification beyond a single crop. Option C, focusing solely on advanced irrigation and salinity-tolerant varieties, addresses water management but neglects soil health and pest control, making it a partial solution. Option D, emphasizing monoculture with high-yield varieties and synthetic inputs, directly contradicts the principles of sustainable agriculture and ecological balance that Can Tho University of Technology promotes. Therefore, the integrated approach in Option A is the most fitting and holistic solution for the given scenario, reflecting the university’s commitment to environmentally sound and productive agricultural systems.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a core focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario involves a farmer in the Mekong Delta, a region heavily influenced by Can Tho University of Technology’s research and outreach. The farmer is seeking to improve soil health and water management in a rice-paddy system prone to salinity intrusion and nutrient depletion. The core concept being tested is the integration of ecological principles into agricultural production. Let’s analyze the options: * **Option A (Integrated Rice-Fish Farming with Cover Cropping):** This approach directly addresses multiple challenges. Rice-fish systems are a traditional yet highly effective method in the Mekong Delta for nutrient cycling (fish waste fertilizes rice) and pest control. Introducing cover crops, such as legumes, during the off-season or inter-season can fix atmospheric nitrogen, improve soil structure, reduce erosion, and suppress weeds, all while enhancing organic matter. This synergy provides a holistic solution that aligns with Can Tho University of Technology’s emphasis on sustainable resource management and ecological engineering. The fish component also offers an additional income stream, contributing to economic sustainability. * **Option B (Increased Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Application):** This is a conventional, input-intensive approach that often leads to environmental degradation, including soil salinization, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. It is contrary to the principles of sustainable agriculture that Can Tho University of Technology promotes. * **Option C (Monoculture Rice Cultivation with Advanced Irrigation Systems):** While advanced irrigation can improve water efficiency, monoculture rice cultivation without diversification can exacerbate soil nutrient depletion and pest resistance over time. It doesn’t address the broader ecological health of the farm system or the economic diversification needed for long-term resilience. * **Option D (Conversion to Aquaculture without Soil Management):** Shifting entirely to aquaculture might seem like an alternative, but without proper soil and water management, it can lead to its own set of environmental problems, such as eutrophication and the spread of diseases. Furthermore, it disregards the potential for integrated systems that leverage the existing rice-paddy infrastructure. Therefore, the most comprehensive and sustainable solution, aligning with the research and educational ethos of Can Tho University of Technology, is the integrated approach.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices relevant to the Mekong Delta region, a key focus for Can Tho University of Technology. The scenario involves a farmer in Can Tho aiming to improve soil health and reduce reliance on synthetic inputs. The core concept here is the integration of ecological principles into farming. Option (a) describes crop rotation with legumes and cover crops, intercropping, and organic fertilization. This directly addresses the goals of improving soil structure, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity, which are foundational to sustainable agriculture. Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen, enriching the soil naturally. Cover crops prevent erosion and suppress weeds. Organic fertilizers, like compost and manure, enhance soil organic matter and microbial activity, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. Intercropping diversifies the agroecosystem, potentially reducing pest outbreaks and improving resource utilization. Option (b) focuses on increasing synthetic fertilizer application and monoculture. This is counterproductive to soil health and environmental sustainability, directly opposing the farmer’s stated goals. Option (c) suggests introducing genetically modified crops resistant to common pests and diseases. While GM crops can have benefits, they don’t inherently address soil health or reduce reliance on all synthetic inputs, and their long-term ecological impact is a complex debate, not a direct solution for the farmer’s immediate soil improvement and input reduction goals. Option (d) proposes intensive tillage and the use of broad-spectrum herbicides. Intensive tillage can degrade soil structure and lead to erosion, while broad-spectrum herbicides can harm beneficial soil organisms and reduce biodiversity, undermining the farmer’s objectives. Therefore, the most appropriate and comprehensive approach for the farmer in Can Tho, aligning with the principles of sustainable agriculture often emphasized at Can Tho University of Technology, is the integrated ecological approach described in option (a).

The question assesses understanding of the principles of sustainable agricultural practices, particularly relevant to the Mekong Delta region where Can Tho University of Technology is located. The core concept is to identify the practice that best aligns with ecological balance and long-term productivity without relying on synthetic inputs. 1. **Crop Rotation:** This involves planting different crops in the same field in a sequential manner. It helps in improving soil health by varying nutrient demands, breaking pest and disease cycles, and enhancing soil structure. For instance, following a nitrogen-fixing legume with a heavy feeder like rice can replenish soil nutrients naturally. This directly supports the ecological balance and reduces the need for artificial fertilizers. 2. **Integrated Pest Management (IPM):** IPM is a strategy that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools to manage pests effectively and in an environmentally sound manner. While it can involve judicious use of chemicals, its primary focus is on minimizing reliance on broad-spectrum pesticides by utilizing natural predators, resistant crop varieties, and monitoring pest populations. This contributes to biodiversity and reduces environmental contamination. 3. **Agroforestry:** This is a land-use system that integrates trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It offers numerous ecological benefits, such as improved soil fertility, erosion control, enhanced biodiversity, and carbon sequestration. Trees can provide shade, windbreaks, and habitat for beneficial insects, creating a more resilient and productive farming system. This holistic approach is highly sustainable. 4. **Monoculture with Synthetic Fertilizers and Pesticides:** This practice involves cultivating a single crop over large areas year after year, often relying heavily on synthetic fertilizers to replenish nutrients and synthetic pesticides to control pests and diseases. While it can lead to high yields in the short term, it depletes soil nutrients, degrades soil structure, reduces biodiversity, and can lead to pest resistance and environmental pollution. This is the antithesis of sustainable and ecologically balanced farming. Considering the goal of promoting ecological balance and long-term productivity, especially in a sensitive delta environment like the Mekong, agroforestry offers the most comprehensive and integrated approach. It addresses soil health, biodiversity, pest management, and resource utilization in a synergistic manner, far exceeding the benefits of simple crop rotation or IPM alone, and directly contrasting with the detrimental effects of monoculture. Therefore, agroforestry is the most suitable answer.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a key focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly in its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges related to soil degradation and water salinity, common issues in the region. The core concept being tested is the application of integrated pest management (IPM) and organic fertilization as a holistic approach to improving soil health and crop resilience, rather than relying on single, potentially harmful interventions. The farmer’s objective is to enhance soil fertility and reduce reliance on synthetic inputs. Option A, promoting crop rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes and incorporating composted organic matter, directly addresses both soil fertility enhancement and the reduction of synthetic fertilizer use. Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen, enriching the soil naturally, while compost provides essential nutrients and improves soil structure, water retention, and microbial activity. This integrated approach also indirectly contributes to pest management by fostering healthier plants that are more resistant to diseases and pests, aligning with IPM principles. Option B, focusing solely on increasing the application of chemical fertilizers, would exacerbate soil degradation and salinity over time, contradicting the goal of sustainability. Option C, exclusively using genetically modified drought-resistant rice varieties without addressing soil health, offers a partial solution but neglects the fundamental issue of soil fertility and the broader ecological impact. Option D, implementing a monoculture system with minimal irrigation, is likely to deplete soil nutrients and increase vulnerability to pests and diseases, especially in a region prone to environmental fluctuations. Therefore, the integrated approach described in Option A is the most effective and sustainable strategy for the farmer’s stated goals, reflecting the principles of ecological agriculture and resource management emphasized at Can Tho University of Technology.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a key area of focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges of soil degradation and water salinity, common issues in the region. The farmer’s goal is to improve crop yield and soil health while minimizing environmental impact. The core concept being tested is the integration of ecological principles into farming systems. Let’s analyze the options: * **Agroforestry with integrated pest management (IPM):** Agroforestry involves integrating trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems. This enhances biodiversity, improves soil structure, reduces erosion, and can provide natural habitats for beneficial insects that aid in pest control, thus reducing the need for synthetic pesticides. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach that emphasizes biological controls, cultural practices, and the judicious use of pesticides only when necessary. This aligns perfectly with the farmer’s goals of improving yield, soil health, and minimizing environmental impact. The trees can help buffer against salinity and improve water retention, while IPM directly addresses the environmental concerns of pesticide use. * **Monoculture with heavy reliance on synthetic fertilizers:** Monoculture, the practice of growing a single crop over a large area year after year, often leads to soil nutrient depletion and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases. Heavy reliance on synthetic fertilizers can lead to soil acidification, nutrient imbalances, and runoff pollution, exacerbating environmental problems. This approach is counterproductive to the farmer’s stated goals. * **Hydroponic farming with artificial nutrient solutions:** While hydroponics can be efficient in water usage and yield, it often requires significant energy input for pumps and artificial lighting. Furthermore, the disposal of used nutrient solutions can pose environmental challenges if not managed properly. It also doesn’t directly address the soil degradation issues the farmer is facing in the context of traditional land use. * **Intensive tillage with chemical weed control:** Intensive tillage can lead to soil erosion, loss of soil organic matter, and disruption of soil microbial communities, worsening soil degradation. Chemical weed control, while effective in the short term, can also have negative environmental consequences, including potential contamination of water sources and harm to non-target organisms. This approach directly contradicts the goal of improving soil health and minimizing environmental impact. Therefore, the most suitable and sustainable approach that addresses all aspects of the farmer’s challenge, aligning with the principles of ecological agriculture and environmental stewardship emphasized at Can Tho University of Technology, is agroforestry combined with integrated pest management.

The question assesses understanding of the principles of sustainable agricultural practices, a key focus for Can Tho University of Technology’s Faculty of Agriculture and Applied Biology, particularly in the context of the Mekong Delta’s unique ecosystem. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges with soil degradation and water salinity, common issues in the region. The farmer is considering adopting new techniques. Option A, “Integrating integrated pest management (IPM) with crop rotation and the use of bio-fertilizers derived from local organic waste,” directly addresses the core principles of sustainability by minimizing chemical inputs, improving soil health through organic matter, and promoting biodiversity. IPM reduces reliance on synthetic pesticides, crop rotation enhances soil nutrient cycling and breaks pest cycles, and bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and fertility naturally. This approach aligns with Can Tho University of Technology’s emphasis on environmentally sound and economically viable agricultural solutions for the region. Option B, “Expanding monoculture of a high-yield rice variety using increased synthetic fertilizer and pesticide application,” represents an unsustainable intensification model that exacerbates soil degradation and environmental pollution, directly contradicting the university’s commitment to sustainable development. Option C, “Focusing solely on increasing irrigation efficiency without addressing soil nutrient depletion or salinity intrusion,” offers a partial solution but fails to tackle the interconnected issues of soil health and water quality, which are critical for long-term agricultural productivity in the Mekong Delta. Option D, “Shifting to aquaculture without considering the impact on downstream water quality and the potential for nutrient runoff,” introduces a new set of environmental challenges and does not directly address the soil degradation issues mentioned, nor does it represent a holistic sustainable farming approach. Therefore, the most appropriate and sustainable strategy, aligning with the academic and research ethos of Can Tho University of Technology, is the integrated approach described in Option A.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a core area of focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges of soil degradation and water scarcity, common issues in the region. The goal is to identify the most appropriate intervention that aligns with the university’s emphasis on eco-friendly and resilient agricultural systems. The farmer’s situation requires a solution that addresses both soil health and water conservation. Let’s analyze the options: * **Option 1 (Crop rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes and integrated pest management):** This approach directly tackles soil fertility by replenishing nitrogen and improving soil structure through diverse root systems. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) reduces reliance on synthetic pesticides, which can harm soil microorganisms and water quality. This aligns with sustainable principles by enhancing natural processes and minimizing chemical inputs. * **Option 2 (Increased use of synthetic fertilizers and intensive irrigation):** This is counterproductive to sustainability. Synthetic fertilizers can lead to soil salinization and nutrient runoff, polluting waterways. Intensive irrigation, without proper management, can deplete groundwater resources and exacerbate soil degradation through erosion and waterlogging, contradicting the principles of conservation emphasized at Can Tho University of Technology. * **Option 3 (Monoculture farming with heavy pesticide application):** Monoculture depletes specific soil nutrients and makes crops more vulnerable to pests, necessitating higher pesticide use. This practice is unsustainable and detrimental to biodiversity and long-term soil health, directly opposing the university’s commitment to ecological balance. * **Option 4 (Introduction of genetically modified crops resistant to drought but without soil improvement measures):** While drought resistance is beneficial, focusing solely on genetic modification without addressing underlying soil health and water management practices is a partial solution. It doesn’t tackle the root causes of degradation and can still lead to nutrient depletion if soil management is neglected. Therefore, the most comprehensive and sustainable solution, reflecting the ethos of Can Tho University of Technology’s commitment to advanced, environmentally conscious agriculture, is crop rotation with legumes and IPM. This strategy promotes soil health, biodiversity, and reduces chemical dependency, creating a more resilient and productive farming system for the Mekong Delta.

The question assesses understanding of the principles of sustainable aquaculture, a key area of focus for environmental engineering and agricultural science programs at Can Tho University of Technology. The scenario involves a hypothetical aquaculture farm in the Mekong Delta aiming to improve its environmental footprint. The core concept being tested is the identification of the most effective strategy for reducing nutrient runoff, a common challenge in intensive aquaculture. Nutrient runoff, primarily from uneaten feed and fish waste, contributes to eutrophication in surrounding water bodies. Option (a) proposes the implementation of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems. IMTA involves cultivating multiple species that have complementary nutritional needs, where the waste products of one species serve as food for another. For instance, filter feeders like mussels can consume suspended organic matter, and seaweeds can absorb dissolved inorganic nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. This creates a more closed-loop system, significantly reducing the amount of nutrient-rich effluent discharged. Option (b) suggests increasing stocking density. While this might increase immediate yield, it exacerbates the problem of waste production and nutrient runoff, leading to poorer water quality and increased disease risk, directly contradicting the goal of environmental improvement. Option (c) proposes relying solely on chemical flocculants to settle waste. While flocculants can remove some suspended solids, they often do not address dissolved nutrients and can introduce their own environmental concerns, making them a less sustainable and holistic solution compared to IMTA. Option (d) advocates for manual removal of all visible waste. While this is a good practice, it is often labor-intensive and inefficient for managing dissolved nutrients and fine particulate matter, which are the primary drivers of eutrophication. IMTA offers a more systemic and biologically integrated approach to nutrient management. Therefore, IMTA is the most effective strategy for reducing nutrient runoff and promoting a more sustainable aquaculture operation, aligning with the environmental stewardship principles emphasized at Can Tho University of Technology.

The scenario describes a critical challenge in agricultural water management, a key area of focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its engineering and environmental science programs. The question probes the understanding of how different irrigation strategies impact soil salinity and crop yield in a deltaic environment, characteristic of the Mekong Delta where Can Tho is situated. The core concept being tested is the trade-off between water application efficiency and the risk of salt accumulation. Let’s analyze the options conceptually without numerical calculation: * **Option 1 (Correct):** Implementing a subsurface drip irrigation system with precise fertigation, coupled with regular soil moisture monitoring and controlled drainage, offers the highest potential for mitigating salinity buildup. Subsurface drip delivers water directly to the root zone, minimizing evaporation and surface runoff, thereby reducing salt transport to the upper soil layers. Fertigation allows for targeted nutrient delivery, which can sometimes influence salt uptake or tolerance. Controlled drainage prevents the stagnation of saline water in the root zone. This integrated approach addresses both water delivery and salt management proactively. * **Option 2 (Incorrect):** Increasing the frequency of surface flood irrigation, even with slightly reduced volumes per application, is likely to exacerbate soil salinity. Flood irrigation, by its nature, involves significant surface water, leading to higher evaporation rates and capillary rise of salts from deeper soil layers. While it might ensure adequate moisture, it doesn’t effectively manage salt accumulation and can lead to waterlogging, which further hinders plant growth and salt leaching. * **Option 3 (Incorrect):** Relying solely on rainwater harvesting and applying it via overhead sprinklers without any soil amendments or drainage management presents a significant risk. While rainwater is fresh, its application via sprinklers can lead to uneven distribution and increased evaporation. More importantly, without a strategy to manage existing soil salts or prevent their accumulation from underlying saline groundwater, this method alone is insufficient. It doesn’t address the root cause of potential salinity issues in a deltaic environment. * **Option 4 (Incorrect):** Utilizing a gravity-fed canal system for irrigation with a focus on maximizing crop coverage, but without specific salinity control measures, is a common but often problematic approach in saline-prone areas. While it ensures broad water distribution, it often leads to inefficient water use, increased evaporation, and the potential for salt accumulation due to poor drainage and capillary action, especially if the canal water itself has some salinity or if groundwater is saline. The most effective strategy for Can Tho University of Technology’s context, aiming for sustainable agriculture in a delta, involves advanced water management techniques that prioritize salinity control and efficient water use.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a core focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges of soil degradation and water salinity, common issues in the region. The farmer is considering adopting new techniques. The core concept being tested is the identification of a practice that aligns with ecological principles and long-term productivity, rather than short-term gains or conventional, potentially harmful methods. The calculation is conceptual, not numerical. We are evaluating the *impact* of different agricultural strategies on soil health and environmental sustainability. 1. **Monoculture with heavy synthetic fertilizer use:** This approach depletes soil nutrients, increases salinity due to improper irrigation, and can lead to water pollution. It is not sustainable. 2. **Intensive rice cultivation with minimal crop rotation:** While rice is a staple, continuous monoculture without diversification or soil enrichment leads to nutrient depletion and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases, impacting long-term yield and soil structure. 3. **Integrated Rice-Shrimp farming with organic amendments:** This system, prevalent and studied in the Mekong Delta, involves alternating or combining rice and shrimp cultivation. Shrimp farming in brackish water can increase soil salinity if not managed properly, but when integrated with rice and supplemented with organic matter (like rice straw compost), it can improve soil structure, nutrient cycling, and reduce reliance on synthetic inputs. The organic amendments are crucial for rebuilding soil organic matter, enhancing water retention, and buffering against salinity fluctuations. This represents a more holistic and sustainable approach, directly addressing soil degradation and salinity challenges. 4. **Hydroponic vegetable farming without consideration for local context:** While hydroponics can be water-efficient, it requires significant initial investment, specialized knowledge, and often relies on synthetic nutrient solutions. It does not directly address the soil degradation and salinity issues of the existing land and may not be the most appropriate or accessible solution for a farmer in the described context, especially considering the university’s emphasis on practical, context-specific solutions for the Mekong Delta. Therefore, the integrated Rice-Shrimp farming with organic amendments is the most suitable and sustainable practice that addresses the specific environmental challenges faced by the farmer in the Mekong Delta, aligning with the research and educational priorities of Can Tho University of Technology.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a key focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly in its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges of soil degradation and water salinity, common issues in the region. The farmer’s goal is to improve crop yield and soil health while minimizing environmental impact. Option A, implementing integrated pest management (IPM) alongside crop rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes and the use of organic fertilizers, directly addresses these challenges. IPM reduces reliance on synthetic pesticides, which can harm beneficial insects and soil microorganisms. Crop rotation with legumes enriches the soil with nitrogen, improving fertility and structure, and breaking pest cycles. Organic fertilizers enhance soil organic matter, water retention, and nutrient availability, counteracting degradation and salinity stress. This holistic approach aligns with the principles of agroecology and sustainable farming, which are central to the university’s research and educational objectives in addressing regional agricultural needs. Option B, increasing the application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and relying solely on high-yield hybrid seeds, would likely exacerbate soil degradation due to nutrient imbalances and potential salinization over time, and does not address pest management sustainably. Option C, focusing exclusively on flood irrigation and monoculture of a single high-water-demand crop, would worsen water scarcity issues and increase salinity buildup, while monoculture depletes specific soil nutrients and increases pest vulnerability. Option D, using genetically modified seeds resistant to salinity but neglecting soil amendment and pest control, offers a partial solution to salinity but fails to address the broader issues of soil health, nutrient cycling, and integrated pest management, which are crucial for long-term sustainability. Therefore, the integrated approach in Option A is the most comprehensive and effective strategy for the farmer’s situation, reflecting the university’s commitment to sustainable development in the Mekong Delta.

The question assesses understanding of the principles of sustainable agricultural practices, a key focus area for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly in its Faculty of Agriculture and Applied Biology. The scenario involves a farmer in the Mekong Delta aiming to improve soil health and crop yield while minimizing environmental impact. The core concept here is integrated pest management (IPM) and organic fertilization, which are central to sustainable agriculture. Option A, focusing on crop rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes and the use of composted organic matter, directly addresses both soil nutrient enhancement and pest reduction through natural means. Nitrogen-fixing legumes replenish soil nitrogen, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers, while compost provides essential micronutrients and improves soil structure, fostering beneficial microbial activity. This approach also naturally disrupts pest life cycles, lessening reliance on chemical pesticides. Option B, while mentioning organic fertilizer, overlooks the crucial aspect of pest management and the specific benefits of legumes in a rotation. Option C, focusing solely on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, directly contradicts the principles of sustainable agriculture and the university’s emphasis on environmentally conscious practices. Option D, while acknowledging crop rotation, fails to integrate the essential components of organic matter enrichment and natural pest control, making it less comprehensive than Option A. Therefore, the most effective and sustainable strategy for the farmer, aligning with Can Tho University of Technology’s commitment to ecological balance and agricultural innovation, is the integrated approach described in Option A.

The question assesses understanding of the core principles of sustainable development, particularly as they relate to the Mekong Delta region, a key area of focus for Can Tho University of Technology. The scenario involves a proposed agricultural expansion project. To determine the most appropriate approach, one must evaluate the potential impacts on the region’s unique ecological and socio-economic landscape. The Mekong Delta is characterized by its intricate river systems, fertile alluvial plains, and a high dependence on agriculture and aquaculture. Sustainable development in this context requires balancing economic growth with environmental protection and social equity. Option (a) focuses on integrating traditional ecological knowledge with modern scientific methods to enhance resilience against climate change and salinity intrusion, while also promoting community-based resource management. This aligns with the university’s emphasis on interdisciplinary research and practical solutions for regional challenges. Traditional knowledge, often passed down through generations, offers insights into local environmental dynamics and sustainable practices that can complement scientific advancements. Community-based management empowers local stakeholders, fostering a sense of ownership and ensuring that development benefits are equitably distributed. This holistic approach addresses the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic factors crucial for long-term sustainability in the Mekong Delta. Option (b) prioritizes rapid technological adoption for increased yield, potentially overlooking long-term environmental consequences and social equity. While technological advancement is important, an exclusive focus without considering ecological carrying capacity or community impact can lead to unsustainable outcomes, such as soil degradation or displacement of local populations. Option (c) emphasizes strict regulatory enforcement to prevent any deviation from current practices, which might stifle innovation and adaptation necessary for addressing evolving environmental pressures. While regulation is vital, an overly rigid approach can hinder progress and fail to leverage new, sustainable technologies or approaches. Option (d) suggests a purely market-driven approach, assuming that economic incentives alone will guide development towards sustainability. However, market failures are common in environmental contexts, and without deliberate policy interventions and consideration of non-market values, environmental degradation and social inequalities can persist or worsen. Therefore, the approach that best embodies the principles of sustainable development, considering the specific context of the Mekong Delta and the academic ethos of Can Tho University of Technology, is the one that integrates diverse knowledge systems and emphasizes community participation.

The question assesses understanding of the principles of sustainable agricultural practices, particularly relevant to the Mekong Delta region where Can Tho University of Technology is located. The scenario involves a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges with soil degradation and water salinity due to intensive farming and climate change impacts. The core concept being tested is the application of integrated pest management (IPM) and organic fertilization as a holistic approach to improving soil health and crop resilience, which are key research areas at Can Tho University of Technology. The farmer’s current practices, relying heavily on synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides, have led to a decline in soil organic matter and increased pest resistance. The goal is to identify the most effective strategy for long-term soil rejuvenation and sustainable yield. Option a) focuses on a combination of crop rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes, the application of composted organic matter, and the implementation of biological pest control methods. Crop rotation diversifies nutrient cycling and breaks pest cycles. Organic matter addition enhances soil structure, water retention, and microbial activity, directly counteracting degradation. Biological pest control, using natural predators or beneficial microorganisms, reduces reliance on harmful chemicals and promotes ecological balance. This integrated approach directly addresses the root causes of the farmer’s problems and aligns with the university’s emphasis on eco-friendly agricultural solutions. Option b) suggests increasing the dosage of synthetic fertilizers and broad-spectrum pesticides. This would likely exacerbate soil degradation, increase chemical runoff into waterways, and potentially lead to further pest resistance, making it counterproductive for long-term sustainability. Option c) proposes monoculture farming with genetically modified crops resistant to salinity. While GM crops can offer resilience, monoculture depletes soil nutrients and reduces biodiversity. Without addressing soil health and pest management holistically, this approach is not a comprehensive solution for the farmer’s multifaceted issues. Option d) advocates for a complete shift to hydroponic farming without considering the existing infrastructure and the farmer’s current context. While hydroponics is a sustainable method, it requires significant upfront investment and a different skill set, making it less practical as an immediate solution for a farmer already operating within a traditional agricultural framework. Therefore, the integrated approach described in option a) is the most scientifically sound and contextually appropriate strategy for the farmer in the Mekong Delta, promoting soil health, biodiversity, and sustainable agricultural productivity, reflecting the research priorities of Can Tho University of Technology.

The question assesses understanding of the principles of sustainable agricultural development, a key focus area for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly in its Faculty of Agriculture and Applied Biology. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges related to soil degradation and water scarcity, common issues in the region. The core of the problem lies in identifying the most appropriate strategy that aligns with the university’s emphasis on ecological balance and long-term productivity. Option A, promoting integrated pest management (IPM) and organic fertilization, directly addresses soil health and reduces reliance on synthetic chemicals, which is crucial for environmental sustainability and aligns with Can Tho University of Technology’s research into eco-friendly farming practices. IPM minimizes the use of pesticides, thereby protecting beneficial insects and soil microorganisms, while organic fertilizers improve soil structure and nutrient content, enhancing water retention and reducing erosion. This approach fosters a resilient agricultural system, crucial for the Mekong Delta’s unique ecosystem. Option B, advocating for increased use of genetically modified crops resistant to drought, while potentially beneficial, overlooks the broader ecological impacts and the university’s commitment to holistic sustainability. GM crops can sometimes lead to monocultures and potential gene flow issues, which might not be the most sustainable long-term solution without careful management. Option C, encouraging the conversion of rice paddies to aquaculture ponds, represents a significant shift in land use that might not be universally applicable or sustainable without thorough environmental impact assessments. While aquaculture is important in the region, a blanket recommendation without considering the existing agricultural landscape and its ecological functions is problematic. Option D, focusing solely on mechanization to increase planting density, addresses efficiency but neglects the environmental consequences of intensive farming, such as increased soil compaction and nutrient depletion, which are contrary to sustainable principles championed by Can Tho University of Technology. Therefore, the strategy that best reflects Can Tho University of Technology’s commitment to sustainable agriculture, environmental stewardship, and the long-term well-being of the Mekong Delta’s farming communities is the adoption of integrated pest management and organic fertilization.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, particularly relevant to the Mekong Delta region where Can Tho University of Technology is situated. The core concept is the integration of ecological principles into farming to enhance long-term productivity and environmental health. Crop rotation, a fundamental technique, involves systematically changing the types of crops grown on a particular piece of land in a planned sequence. This practice is crucial for several reasons: it helps in managing soil fertility by varying nutrient demands and contributions; it disrupts pest and disease cycles by breaking the life cycles of specific pathogens and insects that target particular crops; and it can improve soil structure through the diverse root systems of different plant families. For instance, planting legumes (like soybeans or peanuts) after a cereal crop (like rice) can replenish nitrogen in the soil, a vital nutrient that cereals often deplete. Following this with a root crop (like sweet potatoes) can help break up compacted soil. This cyclical approach, when applied thoughtfully, minimizes the need for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, aligning with the principles of agroecology and sustainable development that are increasingly emphasized in agricultural research and education at institutions like Can Tho University of Technology. The question requires candidates to identify the most encompassing benefit of such a practice, considering its multifaceted positive impacts on soil health, pest management, and overall ecosystem resilience.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a core focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges related to soil degradation and water salinity. The core concept being tested is the application of integrated farming systems that promote ecological balance and resource efficiency. The farmer’s situation necessitates a solution that addresses both soil health and water management. Let’s analyze the options in the context of sustainable agriculture principles relevant to the Mekong Delta’s unique environment: * **Option 1 (Integrated Rice-Aquaculture-Fruit Tree System):** This system is a classic example of polyculture and resource cycling. Rice paddies can be adapted for aquaculture (e.g., shrimp or fish) during certain periods, utilizing the nutrient-rich water. The waste from aquaculture can fertilize fruit trees, which in turn can provide shade and windbreaks for the rice and aquaculture components. This approach minimizes external inputs (fertilizers, pesticides), enhances biodiversity, improves soil structure through varied root systems, and diversifies income. It directly tackles soil degradation by incorporating organic matter and reduces reliance on freshwater by utilizing brackish water tolerant species in aquaculture where appropriate. * **Option 2 (Monoculture of High-Yield Rice with Synthetic Fertilizers):** This is a conventional approach that often exacerbates soil degradation due to nutrient depletion, increased salinity from intensive irrigation, and potential soil structure damage from heavy machinery. It is not a sustainable solution. * **Option 3 (Exclusive Livestock Farming with Intensive Grazing):** While livestock can be part of an integrated system, exclusive intensive grazing can lead to soil compaction, erosion, and nutrient imbalances, especially without proper manure management. It doesn’t directly address the salinity issue in a beneficial way and might increase water demand. * **Option 4 (Focus on Chemical Pest Control and Herbicide Use):** This approach is detrimental to soil health, biodiversity, and water quality. It does not offer a solution to soil degradation or salinity and is antithetical to sustainable practices. Therefore, the integrated rice-aquaculture-fruit tree system represents the most holistic and sustainable approach to address the farmer’s challenges in the Mekong Delta, aligning with the research and educational priorities of Can Tho University of Technology in promoting resilient agricultural systems.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices relevant to the Mekong Delta region, a key focus for Can Tho University of Technology. The scenario involves a farmer in the Mekong Delta aiming to improve soil health and water management in rice cultivation. The core concept tested is the integration of ecological principles into agricultural systems to achieve long-term productivity and environmental resilience. Option A, promoting integrated pest management (IPM) alongside crop rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes and the use of organic fertilizers, directly addresses soil nutrient enhancement, pest control without harmful chemicals, and improved soil structure. This holistic approach aligns with the university’s emphasis on sustainable development and ecological engineering. IPM reduces reliance on synthetic pesticides, which can harm beneficial insects and aquatic life in the delta’s sensitive ecosystem. Crop rotation with legumes replenishes soil nitrogen naturally, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers that can lead to eutrophication of waterways. Organic fertilizers improve soil organic matter, enhancing water retention and microbial activity. Option B, focusing solely on increasing the application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, would likely lead to nutrient runoff, water pollution, and potential soil degradation over time, contradicting sustainable principles. Option C, advocating for the exclusive use of genetically modified drought-resistant rice varieties without considering soil health or water management techniques, addresses only one aspect of resilience and might not be a comprehensive solution for long-term sustainability or soil improvement. Option D, emphasizing extensive monoculture of rice with minimal soil disturbance but without nutrient replenishment or pest management strategies, would eventually deplete soil nutrients and make the crop more susceptible to pests and diseases, hindering long-term productivity. Therefore, the integrated approach described in Option A is the most effective strategy for achieving the farmer’s goals within the context of Can Tho University of Technology’s commitment to sustainable agricultural research and practices in the Mekong Delta.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices, a core area of focus for Can Tho University of Technology, particularly within its agricultural engineering and environmental science programs. The scenario describes a farmer in the Mekong Delta facing challenges related to soil degradation and water scarcity, common issues in the region. The farmer’s objective is to enhance crop yield and resilience while minimizing environmental impact. The correct approach involves integrating multiple sustainable techniques. Crop rotation (1) is crucial for soil health, nutrient cycling, and pest management, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (2) employs biological controls, cultural practices, and targeted chemical applications only when necessary, aligning with the goal of reduced chemical use. Water-efficient irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation (3), directly deliver water to plant roots, minimizing evaporation and runoff, which is vital for addressing water scarcity. The use of organic fertilizers and compost (4) improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability, further reducing reliance on chemical inputs. Considering these elements, the most comprehensive and sustainable strategy would involve a combination of these practices. The question asks for the *most effective* approach to achieve the stated goals. Let’s analyze why other options are less effective: – Focusing solely on chemical fertilizers (Option B) exacerbates soil degradation and water pollution, contradicting the sustainability goals. – Relying exclusively on flood irrigation (Option C) is water-intensive and can lead to nutrient leaching and waterlogging, especially in areas with water scarcity. – Implementing only crop rotation without addressing water management or pest control (Option D) would yield partial benefits but not fully optimize yield and resilience under the described conditions. Therefore, the optimal strategy integrates crop rotation, IPM, efficient irrigation, and organic fertilization.

The question asks to identify the primary ethical consideration when a research team at Can Tho University of Technology proposes to use a novel, AI-driven predictive model for agricultural yield forecasting in the Mekong Delta, which may impact local farming communities. The core ethical principle in research involving human subjects or communities, especially when the research outcomes can have significant socio-economic consequences, is ensuring that the potential benefits outweigh the risks and that the affected parties are treated with respect and fairness. This involves informed consent, minimizing harm, and ensuring equitable distribution of benefits. In this scenario, the AI model’s predictions could influence planting decisions, resource allocation, and market access for farmers. Therefore, a crucial ethical concern is the potential for the model to inadvertently exacerbate existing inequalities or create new ones if its predictions are biased, inaccessible, or if its implementation disadvantages certain groups of farmers. The principle of justice demands that the benefits and burdens of research are distributed fairly. If the model, for instance, favors large-scale commercial farms over smallholder farmers due to data availability or algorithmic design, it would raise significant ethical questions about fairness and equity. The other options, while potentially relevant in broader research contexts, are not the *primary* ethical consideration in this specific scenario. Data privacy is important, but the direct impact on the community’s livelihood and the fairness of the predictive system’s application are more immediate and pressing ethical concerns. Academic integrity is fundamental to research but is more about the conduct of the researchers themselves (e.g., avoiding plagiarism, fabricating data) rather than the societal impact of their findings. The pursuit of novel methodologies, while encouraged in academic settings, must always be balanced with ethical responsibilities towards the subjects and beneficiaries of the research. Therefore, ensuring the equitable impact and avoiding unintended discrimination against vulnerable farming groups in the Mekong Delta is the paramount ethical consideration.

The question probes the understanding of sustainable agricultural practices in the Mekong Delta, a core focus for Can Tho University of Technology’s agricultural programs. The scenario describes a farmer transitioning from monoculture rice farming to integrated rice-fish systems. The key to answering correctly lies in identifying the practice that most directly enhances ecological resilience and resource efficiency, aligning with the university’s emphasis on sustainable development and environmental stewardship. The farmer’s shift to integrated rice-fish farming introduces a symbiotic relationship. Rice cultivation provides habitat and food for fish, while fish help control aquatic weeds and insects that can harm rice crops, and their waste acts as a natural fertilizer. This diversification reduces reliance on synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which are often detrimental to the delicate aquatic ecosystems of the Mekong Delta and can lead to soil degradation over time. The use of organic compost further supports soil health and nutrient cycling, minimizing the need for chemical inputs. Crop rotation, while beneficial, is not explicitly detailed as the primary driver of the *integrated* system’s ecological advantage in this specific scenario. Similarly, while water conservation is important, the integration of fish inherently involves managing water levels for both species, not necessarily a standalone water-saving technique in this context. The most encompassing and ecologically sound practice described, directly contributing to resilience and reduced chemical dependency, is the implementation of integrated rice-fish farming coupled with organic fertilization. This holistic approach addresses multiple facets of sustainability crucial for the region.